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盘点央行三大法宝,紧缩政策下股市何去何从?

Vantage 更新 Updated Thu, 2023 February 2 07:03

北京时间2月2日凌晨,2023年决议首次亮相,美联储如期加息25个基点。美联储主席鲍威尔讲话后,美元大幅下挫。周四欧洲央行和英国央行也将公布最新的利率决议。这一次,两家央行预计都将加息50个基点。那么央行在收紧货币政策时通常会采取什么措施呢?

首先是减少购债(TAPER)。简单来说,通过降低每月的资产购买金额,市场流量在增加,但增加的幅度在降低。央行通过长时期减少债券购买,逐渐摆脱通货膨胀的束缚。目的是让经济慢慢摆脱购买提供的额外刺激,以避免暴跌。正常情况下,美联储的紧缩政策会按照这种模式进行:QE – TAPER-加息-缩表。

当经济低迷时,美联储一般会通过购买政府债券(QE)向市场投放流动性,以刺激经济复苏。当经济恢复正常后,如果继续购买国债,可能会造成流动性泛滥,造成通货膨胀或经济过热。当预测到某个时点可能出现流动性过剩时,就需要提前开始缩减购债规模。

早在2021年12月15日,美联储宣布,考虑到通货膨胀的发展和劳动力市场的改善,决定从2022年1月开始扩大资产购买规模,从150亿美元增加一倍至300亿美元,并每月减少购买200亿美元美国国债和100亿美元机构抵押贷款支持证券。如果美国经济前景发生变化,美联储也将准备调整资产购买的步伐。

第二大法宝是大家最熟悉的——加息。所谓加息,就是直接提高短期利率。以美联储为例,目前其加息的目的主要是应对其面临的高通胀。自去年以来,高通胀一直是美联储的一大担忧。

加息会增加存款,减少贷款,从而减少市场上的货币供应量,所以可以在一定程度上抑制通货膨胀。同时,加息会增加投资成本,增加贷款投资支付的利息,迫使企业尽力降低成本,因此会减少支出,进一步减少市场上流通的货币量,从而起到抑制通货膨胀的作用。

2022年,在美联储7次加息、累计加息幅度达到425个基点的节奏下,2022年12月美国PCE和核心PCE的年率已经较去年最高点分别下降了26%和18%。美联储也终于承认通胀有放缓迹象,并表示将继续根据通胀表现制定政策。

美国2022年核心PCE年率整体下行

最后一种方法是缩表。缩表是收缩资产负债表的一种方式。美联储缩表是为了赎回它多印的美元。其一般主要操作是出售资产(国债或MBS)并从市场上回收美元,以达到减少资产负债的目的。一般来说,美联储缩表是比加息回收流动性更严厉的紧缩政策。

美国东部时间2022年5月4日下午,美联储决定加息50个基点。与此同时,它还宣布将从6月份的9万亿美元资产负债表开始,启动每月减少475亿美元资产负债表的计划,然后在3个月后每月减少950亿美元。从2021年12月缩减购债到2022年6月缩表,美联储两次紧缩政策对新兴市场股市的负面影响也很明显。富时A50指数分别在2021年12月和2022年6月建立了两个相对阶段性高点。如果美联储的紧缩政策在2023年进入放缓阶段,新兴市场股市可能会迎来希望的曙光。

紧缩政策下,A50指数于2021年12月和2022年6月形成两大阶段性高点

2023年02月02日 许曦扬

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